The goal of the current study is to conduct a comparative analysis of neural network architectures based on vulnerabilities identified by Open Worldwide Application Security Project in a web application context. This study comes from a descriptive and quasi-experimental model and is real data based empirical research. Moreover, in this study we identify the study as applied as the research aims to establish practical knowledge in a subject area. Our dataset is historical (post event), and the research design used is descriptive-correlational. We develop and analyze four different types of neural networks: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and Hybrid Neural Networks (Hybrid NNs) in our experiment. To accurately predict, identify and block cyberattacks, the structures were trained on past internet usage data. The research design involved the design of the web page, data collection for cyberattacks and normal operational data, data cleaning, design of the neural network, training of the network, integration of the network inside the web page, blocking mechanism for malicious requests, and performance evaluation of the neural networks. The models resulted in precision, recall and F1 values, together with an area under the ROC curve of 0.98, that reflects their effectiveness in appropriately segmenting related data. Furthermore, none of the models showed a risk of overfitting since they had approximately identical accuracy levels for both training and validation set, with no significant discrepancies noted. After training using FLASK API the models were also added in web page. After running high-intensity OWASP ZAP attacks it was observed that this program can spot the attacks efficiently and block an end user by entering bad information. In addition, the predictive, detecting, and blocking of cyber-attacks by three neural networks at the same rate (NN, RNN, and Hybrid) was 90% and the entire attack frequency was observed. Index Terms: Web application security, artificial neural networks, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, hybrid neural networks.
VOLUME 17, ISSUE 01, JANUARY, 2026
The effect climate variability on forage production wasstudied in november 2025 in Batha Province in Chad. About 100 questionnaires were distributed to livestock farmers and to collect informations about some climatic parameters in Batha province of Chad. The objectif was to analyse climatic parameters that affect forage production and adaptativestratégies of breeders. The results indicate an increase trend warming accross the sahel, with the hottest months sited between April and May. Littérature reviews reveles that, expected increase in temperature is aroud 2°C by 2050 in the West sahelian Africa. However, annual rainfal fluctuates has been observed over more than three decades in the province of Batha. During these decates, only year 1991, 1999, 2000, 2008 and 2024 registered the higher level of rainfall, with the months of June and august being the months of high precipitation (273,44 mm).The effects of variablity of climatic parametters was the decrease in forage biomass (6,537270 of tons) compared to the dmand (22,289,088 tonsof dry mater) in 2023. Since feeds and nutrients needs of animale and breeders are not satisfayed (famine, 23,5%),they practiceclimatic mobilities (20,5%) southward searching for sustainable forage biomass for survival. This mobility olso creates conflicts between crop farmers and livestock breeders. As a resilient mesures, some periurban breeders make use of crop residus and agroindustrial byproducts as feeds supplments to maintain animal productitivities in the dry season. For sustainable food production, farmers should be organized and trained for proper natural ressourcesmanagement, integrated crops and livestock farming, forage production and banks of forages makingin the dry season in sahelian zones.
Amblyopia, usually known as "lazy eye," is a childhood vision disorder resulting from impaired coordination between the brain and the eye during early visual development, leading to reduced vision in one eye. It is a universal public health concern, affecting 1-5% of the population, with higher prevalence in developing countries due to limited access to early diagnosis and treatment. Untreated amblyopia can cause permanent vision loss, impacting education and career prospects. In Indiastudies highlight the prevalence of amblyopia, emphasizing the necessity for awareness, early detection, and improved access to treatment. The All India Ophthalmological Society (AIOS) underscores the importance of timely intervention in its guidelines for amblyopia management, addressing challenges like limited awareness and access to eye care services.The primary course of management once there is a suspected refractive amblyopia is to first fully correct for the refractive error, followed by intermittent periods of patching or pharmacological blurring to promote use of the amblyopic eye once improvements in visual acuity have stabilized.
This study investigates the corrosion inhibition efficacy of a green-synthesized zinc acetate–reduced graphene oxide composite, prepared using aqueous Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent, for mild steel in aggressive corrosive environments. The composite was synthesized through sequential green reduction of graphene oxide in the plant extract, followed by incorporation of zinc-based nanoparticles derived from zinc acetate under alkaline conditions, yielding a black powdered material with a final mass of 1.42 g. Gravimetric weight loss measurements were conducted on machined mild steel coupons (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) immersed in 1 M HCl (acidic), 1 M KOH (alkaline), and 1 M K₂SO₄ (neutral salt) solutions at ambient temperature (30 ± 2 °C) for durations of 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours. Inhibitor concentrations ranged from 0.050 to 0.125 g/L, with a commercial paint coating and uninhibited blanks serving as benchmarks. In 1 M HCl, the composite exhibited moderate, concentration- and time-dependent inhibition, achieving maximum efficiencies of 20–24% at 0.125 g/L over longer immersions, though significantly inferior to the paint coating (57–80%). In contrast, the composite demonstrated excellent performance in 1 M KOH, particularly at low concentrations (0.050–0.075 g/L), reaching efficiencies up to 95–98% by stabilizing passive films, often surpassing the paint. In 1 M K₂SO₄, the inhibitor effectively reduced weight loss compared to the blank, confirming its versatility. These findings highlight the composite's promising eco-friendly potential, especially in alkaline and neutral saline media, due to synergistic barrier and adsorptive effects from reduced graphene oxide and zinc species. Recommendations include optimization of synthesis parameters and inhibitor dosage for enhanced acidic performance, supplementation with electrochemical and surface characterization studies (e.g., EIS, SEM, XPS) to elucidate mechanisms, and exploration of longer immersion periods or real-world industrial simulations to advance its application in sustainable corrosion protection strategies.
This Crown pillars are essential structural elements for the stability and safety of underground mines, particularly when they separate underground excavations from the surface or an adjacent open pit. At the Fekola gold mine, the transition from open-pit to underground mining of a shallowplugingorebodyled to the formation of a crown pillar with an irregularshape and steep inclination, presenting a particular geomechanical challenge. This study aims to assess the stability of thisatypical crown pillar as part of the plannedmining sequence. The methodology is based on three-dimensional numerical modeling using the Hoek-Brown failure criterion within the MAP3D software. The input parameters were determined from an integrated geotechnical database, including deepborehole logs, laboratory tests (UCS, triaxial, Brazilian), as well as rock mass classification (RMR and Q′). Several mining scenarios, including full extraction and the strategicabandonment of certain sites combined with back filling with cemented rock (CRF), were simulated. The main results show that the complete extraction of all plannedstopes leads to localized instabilities, with safety factors below 1.0. Stability is effectively restored by leaving four stopesunmined, which increases the effective thickness of the pillar and allows for a more favorable stress redistribution. This work confirms the relevance of using advanced 3D numerical modeling, coupled with the Hoek-Brown criterion, for the safe design of complex crown pillars in hybridmining contexts.
Cette étude a été conduite pour tester l’efficacité de deux nouvelles formules d’engrais organo-minéraux sur la croissance et la productivité de l’arachide. L’essai a été implanté durant l’hivernage 2023à l’InstitutSupérieur de Formation Agricole et Rural (ISFAR) de Bambey. Le dispositif expérimental utilisé a été un bloc de fisheravec quatre répétitions. Le facteur étudiéétait la fertilisation organo-minérale avecquatre modalités (traitement) : T0 (témoin absolu) ; T1 (200 kg. ha-1 de6-20-10, témoin de référence) ; T2 (250 kg.ha-1TOP FERTI TC) ; T3 (200 kg.ha-1TOP FERTI T10. Les paramètres étudiés ont étéla hauteur, l’encombrement et la vigueur des plantes pour les paramètres de croissance ; les rendements en gousses, graines et fanes, le poids de 100 graines et l’indice de maladie pour lesparamètres de rendement. Les résultats obtenus n’ont montré aucun effet significatifentre les performances de T0 et les deux nouvelles formules d’engrais, sur les composantes de rendement étudiés.Cependant, une différence significative a été notée pour certains paramètres de croissance comme la hauteur et l’encombrement oùT0est resté l’engrais le plus performant durant toute la phase de végétation. Enfin, il n’ya pas de différence significative entre les deux nouvelles formules d’engrais organo-minérales.
Independent researchers operating outside formal academic institutions frequently encounter structural barriers to scholarly participation, including limited access to peer-review channels, epistemic skepticism toward non-affiliated authors, and reduced bibliometric visibility. While open-access publishing has expanded dissemination opportunities, it has not fully resolved legitimacy asymmetries embedded in institutional science (Merton, 1973; Latour, 1987). This articledraws on the author’s own longitudinal researchexamining the methodological transition of an independent researcher from marginal academic positioning to sustained participation within the peer-reviewed scholarly ecosystem—while maintaining full institutional independence. Using verifiable bibliometric data (DOIs, ORCID records, indexed publications), conference proceedings, and interdisciplinary peer-review outcomes from 2005–2025, the study identifies concrete strategies enabling scholarly integration. Results indicate that independence and scholarly legitimacy are not mutually exclusive when methodological rigor, transparent metrics, bibliometric traceability, and discipline-appropriate framing are systematically applied. The article proposes a replicable pathway model for independent researchers seeking scholarly integration without institutional affiliation, contributing to contemporary discussions on open science, decentralization of research authority, and post-institutional knowledge production.
Introduction: In asthma patients, reductions in FEV3 and FEV6 may reflect early bronchial obstruction and disease severity. This study aimed to evaluate FEV3 and FEV6 as complementary spirometric parameters to FEV1 for assessing asthma severity and control. Material and methods: Multicenter prospective cross-sectional study exhaustively including 221 adult asthma patients recruited from pulmonology departments at Oran University Hospital (EHU) and Bechar Hospital (EPH) from 04/01/2020 to 12/31/2023. Patients were classified according to GINA guidelines for asthma severity (intermittent, mild, moderate, severe) and control status (controlled, partially controlled, uncontrolled). Spirometric measurements (FEV1, FEV3, FEV6, FVC) were obtained using standardized procedures and expressed as percentages of predicted values. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests for categorical variables, Student t-tests and one-way ANOVA for continuous variables, and Pearson/Spearman correlations. Significance was set at p<0.05 using SPSS software. Results: A population of 221 asthma patients was collected. Mean age was 48.9±15.3 years with female predominance (sex ratio 0.27). Asthma was divided according to its severity into intermittent asthma in 2.7% of cases, mild in 46.2% of cases, moderate in 47.5% of cases, and severe in 3.6% of cases. Total control is present in 29.9% of cases while it is impaired (partially controlled and uncontrolled) in 70.1% of cases.FEV1<80% predicted in 50.5% of cases (women 52.9% vs men 42.6%) and 60 years). Negative correlations between age and FEV1 (r=-0.173, p=0.01), FEV3, and FEV6. Mean FEV1/FEV3/FEV6 values decreased significantly with increasing asthma severity (ANOVA p<0.001) and worsening control (p<0.001). Higher FEV3/FEV6 values observed in physically active patients (p=0.03). Conclusion: FEV3 and FEV6 accurately reflect asthma severity and control, predicting FEV1 without replacing it as the reference parameter. Their systematic integration into spirometric protocols would optimize monitoring, particularly in patients with limited cooperation.
Rice is one of the most widely used staple foods in the world. However, its production is still very limited compared to the exponentially growing demand. Senegal, with an average consumption of 90 kg/habitant, is the third largest importer of rice in Africa. Aware of the impact of imports on the population, Senegal has set itself the objective of achieving food self-sufficiency by 2022 with an average yield of 5T/ha. ISRA, through its research, contributes to the achievement of this objective by developing adapted technologies. It is within this framework that a participatory evaluation of 30 new anther culture lines was conducted at the ISRA research station in Fanaye during the hot dry season of 2020. Surveys were conducted among producers through guided tours, while observations and measurements were made to collect agro-morphological parameters and characteristics preferred by producers. The agronomic results analysed and combined with the surveys made it possible to select the 10 best performing varieties. Among these 10 best performing lines, 6 were chosen by the producers. They are KF18134, KF18040, KF18068, KF18103, KF18124, KF18048, KF18005, KF18017, KF18001, KF18024. Crop yield is the first characteristic chosen by the growers. It was followed by short cycle characteristics, panicle load, low bird damage and medium height.
This study focuses on the physico-mechanical and geotechnical properties of natural gravels and granite collected from two localities in the Kouilou Department (Congo). The research was conducted on two deposits of natural gravels, located respectively in Malélé and Boubissi, as well as on a crushed granite deposit in Louvoulou. The main objective was to optimize the physico-mechanical and geotechnical characteristics of these materials, or to highlight their specific performance criteria, with a view to their rational use in public works—particularly for their integration into road pavement structures.A comprehensive testing program was carried out, including identification tests, mechanical tests, and road performance tests (Los Angeles and Micro-Deval), in order to determine the geotechnical and mechanical properties of the materials. The results show that all three materials have low natural moisture contents. The materials were classified into well-defined particle size ranges: 0/40 mm for the Malélé gravels and the Louvoulou granite, and 0/31.5 mm for the Boubissi natural gravel. Proctor compaction tests revealed excellent compactability for all the studied materials, with high maximum dry densities (greater than 2.0 g/cm³) and moderate optimum moisture contents.The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests indicated moderate bearing capacities, allowing the materials to be classified as medium-bearing soils (class S4 according to road classification standards). Regarding road performance tests, the natural gravels from Malélé and Boubissi yielded generally satisfactory results, though stabilization (through hydraulic binders or additives) is required to fully meet the standards prescribed by the Los Angeles abrasion and Micro-Deval fragmentation tests. The crushed granite from Louvoulou, on the other hand, exhibited excellent performance in all road-related tests, confirming its robustness, wear resistance, and dimensional stability.Overall, the results demonstrate that the studied materials possess physical, mineralogical, and mechanical characteristics compatible with their use in the lower layers of pavement structures. Their application is recommended for use in subgrade, sub-base, and possibly base layers, particularly under low to moderate traffic conditions.
The study presents the design, simulation in SolidWorks and experimental validation of a mobile solar air cooler using clay as the base material. Faced with the challenges of climate change and limited access to conventional air conditioning in developing countries, this system offers an energy-autonomous and economically viable alternative. The methodology includes a literature review, multi-physics thermal modelling coupling heat transfer in porous media and fluid dynamics, the optimal choice of components (clay, 145.39 Wp photovoltaic panel, 50 Ah battery, fan) and the experimental characterisation of the prototype. Simulations were used to optimise the geometry and predict thermal distributions. The experimental results show a temperature reduction of 5°C (indoor temperature of 25°C for 30°C outdoors) with a relative humidity of 55%, an autonomy of one (01) day and a daily consumption of 537.6 Wh.
Artificial intelligence has become a most discussed term with the advent of technology, especially in this digital era. It is the ability of a computer or any other computer-controlled device to perform tasks that needs the application of intelligence like a human. The application of AI is seen in almost every aspect of human life, and education is no exception. This study intended to know the awareness of students studying in music colleges on the application of AI in music education. The study was conducted by taking a sample of 149 from different music colleges in Kerala and collecting data using an awareness test. The differential effect of gender and stream of study (vocal/instrumental) were analyzed.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and progressive joint damage. Globally, it affects approximately 0.5–1% of the population, with a higher prevalence in women. The homeopathic approach to RA emphasizes individualized treatment by addressing both physical symptoms and underlying emotional or constitutional factors. This case study highlights the successful management of a long-standing RA case using classical homeopathy, with the patient reporting significant improvement under care at Dr Batra’s.
Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) is a chronic, relapsing pigmentary disorder that significantly affects quality of life due to its cosmetic and psychological impact. This case study documents the long-term management of severe facial and cervical LPP in an adult female patient who had progressive hyperpigmentation with dermal thickening and psychosocial distress. Despite the chronicity and poor prognosis generally associated with LPP, individualized classical homeopathic treatment resulted in gradual, sustained improvement, stabilization of disease activity, and restoration of patient confidence. The case highlights the role of holistic case-taking, mental-emotional assessment, individualized remedy selection, and long-term follow-up, demonstrating a clear transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s Homeopathy Clinic.
Lichen Male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a chronic, progressive condition with significant psychosocial impact, often showing limited response to conventional and unsupervised interventions. This case report presents a 23-year-old male with early-onset AGA of 5–6 years’ duration, associated with frequent relocations, disturbed lifestyle, emotional suppression since childhood, and hereditary predisposition. Despite multiple prior measures, including unsupervised dermaroller use, the condition continued to progress. An individualized classical homeopathic approach, supported by advanced hair exosome–based aesthetic therapy, resulted in stabilization of hair loss, improvement in hair density, and enhanced health-related quality of life (HRQL). This case demonstrates a positive transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) is a chronic inflammatory pigmentary disorder with significant psychosocial impact, often showing partial or temporary response to conventional therapies. This case study presents a middle-aged woman with long-standing LPP associated with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), recurrent itching, metabolic comorbidities, and deep emotional stress related to caregiving responsibilities. Despite multiple dermatological and supportive treatments over several years, the condition showed recurrence and persistence. Individualized classical homeopathic intervention resulted in sustained improvement in pigmentation, complete relief from itching, better metabolic stability, and marked enhancement in emotional well-being and self-confidence. This case highlights a holistic transformation achieved through homeopathic treatment at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Hair loss following chemotherapy and major surgery is often multifactorial, with profound physical and psychological impact. Conventional and supportive measures frequently provide limited relief. This case report documents the successful classical homeopathic management of severe diffuse hair loss in a 39-year-old female with a history of lung cancer, chemotherapy, surgery, hypothyroidism, and emotional distress. A holistic individualized approach based on totality of symptoms and constitutional prescribing resulted in sustained clinical improvement and psychological restoration. A marked transformation in physical, emotional, and quality-of-life parameters was achieved at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in young males is frequently associated with psychological distress and functional systemic complaints, often inadequately managed by conventional therapies. This case report presents a 23-year-old male suffering from progressive AGA, scalp seborrhea, anxiety, breathlessness, and functional gastric complaints, with unsatisfactory response to prior allopathic management. A classical homeopathic approach based on individualization, totality of symptoms, and miasmatic understanding was adopted. Over systematic follow-ups, significant improvement was observed in hair fall, scalp condition, associated systemic complaints, and mental well-being. This case highlights holistic recovery and improved health-related quality of life, demonstrating a clear transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Alopecia areata is a chronic autoimmune dermatological condition often associated with emotional stress and psychological imbalance. Conventional and supportive therapies frequently fail to achieve sustained improvement. This case study documents the successful management of alopecia areata in a young female patient through individualized classical homeopathic treatment at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic. A comprehensive evaluation of mental generals, physical generals, and particular symptoms was undertaken, followed by repertorisation and miasmatic assessment. Progressive improvement was observed at both physical and psychological levels, with stabilization of hair loss and restoration of emotional well-being. This case highlights a holistic transformation achieved through classical homeopathy at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis often associated with autoimmune tendencies and significant cosmetic distress. Conventional management frequently offers only symptomatic relief with unpredictable outcomes. This case report presents the successful management of a middle-aged female suffering from LPP with positive antinuclear antibodies, unresponsive to prior conventional therapies. A holistic classical homeopathic approach focusing on mental generals, constitutional susceptibility, and miasmatic background resulted in sustained clinical improvement and enhanced quality of life. This case highlights a clear transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
This work reports the development of a UV-induced thiol–ene photografting process applied to cellulosic paper in a batch reactor, enabling homogeneous and controlled surface functionalization. Parametric optimisation revealed that increasing the thiol concentration from 0.05 to 0.20 mol•L⁻¹ raised the grafted sulfur content from 0.18% to 1.02%, while thiol conversion reached 98% after 90 min of irradiation at 15 mW•cm⁻². FT-IR spectra confirmed the appearance of characteristic grafting bands (C–S at 700–750 cm⁻¹, disappearance of S–H at 2550 cm⁻¹), and XPS analysis showed an S 2p doublet at 163.8 eV, indicating the formation of thioether linkages. SEM micrographs revealed no degradation of the fibre network and the presence of a uniform grafted film. The performance achieved demonstrates the strong potential of the UV thiol–ene process as a robust, energy-efficient and easily scalable strategy. Its key advantages include mild operating conditions (25–35 °C), the absence of undesired by-products, high selectivity and excellent reproducibility. This approach represents a promising route for the development of advanced cellulosic materials, opening new opportunities for applications in packaging, catalysis, functional membranes and smart surfaces.
Although Kenya ranks consistently among the top countries in Africa in research output, there is a stark disparity between national research production and its uptake in the marketplace.This paper explores the challenges of research commercialization in Kenya, identifying structural, financial, policy, cultural, and institutional barriers that hinder public and private universities and research institutes from translating innovations in scientific, technological, agricultural, and health fields into marketable products. The investment in research and development in Kenya remains low at about 0.8% of GDP, far below the 2% target set by the Science, Technology and Innovation Act. Furthermore, over half of research funding comes from foreign donors, leading to fragmented financing and weak links between academia, government, and industry. These conditions have resulted in under-resourced laboratories, insufficient commercialization infrastructure, weak university–industry partnerships, and cultural challenges such as limited entrepreneurial orientation and public mistrust of new technologies. Intellectual property management issues further impede progress, as relatively few research outputs are patented or otherwise protected and commercialized. The case studies in this paper illustrate these obstacles. For example, the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization’s (KALRO) development of a genetically modified cassava resistant to mosaic and brown streak diseases has faced protracted regulatory approval processes and public misinformation, delaying its commercialization. Likewise, several universities have launched startup incubators and innovation hubs to spin off research-based enterprises, but these initiatives often struggle with limited funding and support. Overall, the report concludes that the country needs comprehensive systemic reforms. These include increased Research and Development (R&D) investment, stronger policy incentives, improved intellectual property support, and enhanced public–private collaboration. These shall strengthen research commercialization efforts and ensure Kenya’s innovations contribute to socio-economic development.
The agricultural sector in South Asia, especially countries like Bangladesh, China, and India, relies heavily on cotton, a crop vital to both the economy and the global textile industry. However, cotton production faces significant challenges from leaf diseases, which can drastically reduce crop yield, impacting farmers’ livelihoods and the region’s economy. Traditional methods for detecting these diseases involve manual inspection, which is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to error. Although machine learning and deep learning approaches have been developed for automated disease detection, most existing models require large datasets and high computational resources, limiting their applicability in resource-constrained areas. This paper presents a novel, lightweight ensemble model optimized for detecting cot- ton leaf diseases on mobile devices using a small dataset. Leveraging transfer learn- ing, our approach enables farmers to use as few as 40 known images to fine-tune the ensemble model directly on their devices, achieving high classification accuracy even with minimal data. We evaluate four pre-trained models—ResNet50, MobileNetV2, EfficientNetB0, and InceptionV3—and compare their effectiveness. After trans- fer learning, ResNet50 achieved the highest accuracy of 97.87%, and InceptionV3 achieved 93.61%, demonstrating their suitability for small-scale, mobile-friendly ap- plications. The ensemble model achieved a classification accuracy of 95.7% through averaging and 97.87% using majority voting. This approach empowers farmers in de- veloping regions by providing a practical, adaptable tool for early disease detection, potentially reducing crop loss and enhancing yield with limited resources.
The study of culture and its embodiment within the urban environment can be challenging. This challenge is more remarkable in Africa, specifically in Burkina Faso. Despite that Ouagadougou has become a metropolitan hub within the surrounding cities, academic literature in the role of music in urban development is not well traced within a geographical perspective.Hence the interest of this paper. Highlighting then urban music production through the local language, while emphasizing the role of the artists who have supported the rise of urban music in Burkina Faso, is something that should be encouraged. It may be of interest to geographers to seek an understanding of the urban process and its dynamics in this context. The aim of this study is to contribute to the enrichment of musical literature by focusing on local culture that uses the local language, such as Moore, in the production of urban music and its globalization.This study draws on the evolution of music and the main contributors in Burkina Faso. It considers music as a process of production and reproduction of the urban environment. Therefore, we have considered cultural history, the cultural landscape, and urban ecology as the fundamental concepts and theories, through which a methodological approach can be developed to outline the elements that have guided the “urbanization” of Burkina Faso local culture. How a local language like Moore hasbecome an instrument in shaping urban music is one of the questions that may find its answer within the role played by the first generation of musicians, and by the second generation represented by Alif Naaba and Floby, including the renewed interest of the urban population in reconnecting with their local heritage.
The Thiosemicarbazone derivative of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde represents a promising compound with significant clinical relevance due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential. In this study, two experimental approaches were employed to evaluate its efficacy against both fastidious and non-fastidious microorganisms. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined using a colorimetric assay, while antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed via the agar disc diffusion method. Data analysis was carried out using EUCAST and NCCLS guidelines to interpret zone diameters and MIC values. Graph Pad Prism software facilitated the comparison of inhibition zones and MIC values across various antibiotics. Additionally, WHONET 5.6 software was utilized to assess the epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFF) for the test compound, allowing for classification of bacterial isolates as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant. This integrative approach provided a robust assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the test compound in comparison with conventional antibiotics.
This study presents the first assessment of the morphometric traits, length-weight relationship, and condition factors of Sarpa salpa from the Ghar El Melh Lagoon in northern Tunisia. Specimens were sampled using traditional fishing gears to evaluate growth characteristics and population health. The results revealed a strong correlation between length and weight, with the species exhibiting isometric growth, indicating proportional increases in body dimensions. The relative condition factor reflected a healthy physiological status, suggesting favorable environmental conditions in the lagoon. These findings provide valuable baseline information on the morphometric and growth patterns of S. salpa, contributing to the understanding of its population dynamics, ecological adaptation, and sustainable management within this Mediterranean coastal ecosystem.
Information technology is increasingly evolving towards a model of standardized services provided in a way similar to traditional public utilities such as water, electricity and gas. Within this paradigm, a considerable number of users access services according to their needs, regardless of where they are hosted or how they are delivered. Consequently, effective resource management becomes crucial. Despite the number of virtual machine management algorithms, the proposal of new techniques is required in order to tackle issues related to the optimal use of resources. Our proposal is based on the dynamic allocation of virtual machines (VMs) to meet the needs of users. In this work, we propose an algorithm for creating, adjusting and removing VMs based on requests, while ensuring optimal use of data center resources. Our reel-time algorithm adjusts resources leading to cost reduction and therefore performance improvement.
This study reports the facile synthesis and enhanced phototocatalytic performance of a novel ternary AgI/ZnO/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite. The catalyst was prepared through cost effective hydrothermal and doping method. The photocatalyst was designed to overcome the limitation of pure ZnO ( limited visible light absorption) and the recombination rate of charge carriers. The efficiency was evaluated through the degradation of malachite green (MG), a toxic water pollutant, under visible light irradiation. The presence of non-degradable organic dyes, such as malachite green ( MG), in industrial waste water poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystem and human health. Furthermore the degradation efficiency of the prepared AgI/ZnO/α-Fe2O3 was systematically investigated under optimized condition such as pH, light intensity, dose of catalyst, concentration of dye.
Le recours aux psychologues en milieu organisationnel demeure limité au Bénin, malgré la croissance des risques psychosociaux et des besoins en accompagnement psychologique. Cette étude vise à analyser les processus de légitimation sociale du recours aux psychologues dans les organisations béninoises, en identifiant les résistances, les représentations et les stratégies de changement associées. Adoptée selon une approche mixte parallèle convergente, la recherche combine une enquête quantitative (n = 300 employés issus des secteurs public, privé et associatif) et une exploration qualitative conduite auprès de 25 acteurs-clés (psychologues, responsables RH, cadres et travailleurs). Les instruments ont mesuré la légitimation perçue, la stigmatisation liée à la santé mentale, le soutien organisationnel perçu et les intentions de recours. Les données qualitatives, recueillies à travers des entretiens semi-directifs, ont fait l’objet d’une analyse thématique. Les premiers résultats révèlent une faible légitimation du rôle du psychologue, entravée par des résistances d’ordre culturel, structurel et managérial. Toutefois, les organisations disposant d’une politique explicite de bien-être au travail manifestent une meilleure acceptabilité des interventions psychologiques. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance d’une stratégie intégrée de sensibilisation, de formation et de communication institutionnelle pour ancrer durablement la place du psychologue dans la culture organisationnelle béninoise. L’étude contribue ainsi à la compréhension des dynamiques psychosociales du changement en contexte africain.
Emerging extended reality (XR) platforms have transformed the landscape of collaborative learning by introducing immersive, embodied, and emotionally resonant environments. While existing research demonstrates XR’s capacity to heighten social presence and empathy (Jiménez-Cortés et al., 2016; Paananen et al., 2022), limited scholarship examines how learners interpret these experiences subjectively. This study employs Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to investigate how individuals perceive social presence, empathic resonance, avatar embodiment, and group cognition in shared XR classrooms. Findings suggest that immersive cues foster intensified co-presence, emotionally charged interactions, fluid identity expression, and spatially mediated reasoning. These insights contribute to emerging theoretical discourse on digital embodiment, mediated empathy, and distributed cognition within next-generation learning environments.
Salicylic Acid (SA) is a phenolic compound and nomenclature of it being called as SA is because it was first isolated from the bark of willow plant bearing the taxonomic name, Salix alba. SA has been extensively studied for their physiological roles on growth and metabolism of plants, stress-protective properties against numerous abiotic stresses like heat, chilling, freezing, drought, flooding, oxidative, salt, radiation, heavy metals stresses and biotic stresses. The present review is to understand the role of SA as a potential plant growth regulator (PGR).
Le recours aux This paper attempts to explore the embedded relationship between dynamics of gendered power and their political participation, with a particular focus on the Global South. The Global South is a concept representing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America which share a common history of colonialism and are gripped in the shackles of economic inequality and poverty. These nations working through the South-South Cooperation help to exchange their resources, technologies and knowledge to minimize their dependency on the the historical dominant powers, the Global North. This study reflects that gender-based power imbalance is a crucial factor in determining how women and men participate in politics in the Global South which is mainly driven by the traditional patriarchal systems, past political and social systems and the intersectional identities that creates unique forms of discrimination. To explore this, the paper employs a qualitative methodology based on a comprehensive review of existing theoretical literature, historical analyses, and varied case studies from Global South experiences. The findings reveal that women in the Global South face complex barriers to political inclusion which has its roots in patriarchal norms and past injustices. Political exclusion remains a blunt reality often worsened by the intersection of gender with other identities viz. class, race and disability despite stupendous efforts in this direction. Various strategies for political empowerment of women, drawing crucial lessons from successful and challenging experiences across the Global South have been identified in the present paper. It can be concluded that achieving gender equality in political participation in the Global South is a complex, ongoing struggle. A structural transformation is required to build an equitable political future of the existing political systems, societal norms and economic structures that gives privilege to men and marginalize the women (especially those with intersectional identities). As the study is limited to secondary data, it may not capture the complete picture of local contexts and the generalizations made through broader scope of Global South may also overlook specific dynamics. Future researches may focus on localized studies and longitudinal analyses of impacts of the policies undertaken.
Quinazoline nucleosides are heterocyclic compounds of great importance in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This article aims to review the methods for the synthesis and characterization of some nucleosides 6,7-Dimethoxyquinazoline-2,4-(1H,3H)-Dione, focusing on the reactions between quinazolinones and sugars to produce alpha- and beta-analogues of these nucleosides. This work is expected to contribute to the field of medicinal chemistry and future drug development. The 6,7-Dimethoxy 2,4-(1H, 3H)-quinazolinone (2) was reflexed with HMDS from 1day using the Vorbruggen’s silylation method. The trimethyl silylquinazolinone (3) was reacted with 1-O-acetyl- 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose (4) afford three protected nucleosides (5,6 and 7) respectively. Debenzoylation of each of protected nucleosides by sodium metal in dry methanol affore the free nucleosides (8,9 and 10) respectively in good yield . The new synthesized compounds were characterized using the well-known spectroscopic (IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy).
Cabo Delgado has been the scene of armed attacks perpetrated by an armed group since October 2017 that has assaulted and destroyed public and private institutions, including police posts and military barracks. It murders and abducts people, leaving traces of destruction and fatality unrelenting in some Districts of Cabo Delgado Province, where there are records of more than 300,000 refugees welcomed in centres and transitional families in the neighboring Districts and Provinces that are still safe. The clarification about "armed violence in Cabo Delgado" has as its central foundation to understand the identification and motivation of the group that is leading attacks in that province, as well as to understand the challenges that are imposed on the Mozambican State in the face of the insecurity caused by the group. The preparation of this article was based on the analysis of information circulating on social networks, media and some bibliographies dealing with the matter. In order to combat the armed group, the Mozambican State mobilized the Defence and National Security forces on the ground and at the same time mobilizes support to assist the refugee populations in the Districts and Provinces that are still safe.
This study explore the scientometric assessment of tardigrades research publications from 2004–2024 based on data from the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases and used a systematic approach to assess outputs, citation counts and annual increments for the two-decade period. The analysis shows that there is an upward trajectory over the years in the number of publication outputs, with scopus peaking at 95 publications in 2019, and WoS peaking with 101 publications in 2024. Citation metrics suggest an increasing scientific visibility, with 3,129 Scopus and 3,184 WoS peak citations in 2020, having more than doubled in the last 10 years, most likely reflecting the growing interest in tardigrades as a subject of research. The Publication Efficiency Index (PEI) was different in the two databases Scopus had a maximum PEI of 41.18 in 2017 and WoS a maximum PEI of 34.51 in 2021, and find a very high growth rate in the number of publications in the first years between 2008 to 2012, this growth slowed down over time until it seems to have been re-energized between 2018 to 2024, as discussed in the Annual Growth Rate (AGR) and Doubling Time (DT) analyses. Key contributors to tardigrades research include prominent authors such as Kaczmarek, L., and Michalczyk, L., with substantial publication counts. The top journals, Zootaxa especially, appear to be able to proffer a firm stage for research. Both databases listed United States and Poland as major contributing countries. The study, the research areas connected to tardigrades range from zoology to environmental sciences to agricultural biology.These findings emphasize the importance of further studies on tardigrades, especially in ecological, genomic and applied contexts, to comprehend their ecological roles and adaptations.
Background: Depression is a mental health condition that involves persistent sadness, loss of interest, and changes in thoughts, behaviors, and feelings, significantly impacting daily life. While depression is a real illness with available treatments like psychotherapy and medication, seeking help from a medical or mental health provider is crucial for diagnosis. According to the homoeopathic concept, physical disease can make changes in the mental/emotional state and vice versa. It attempts to go to the core of the disease in each individual patient. Research suggests that a mixture of genetic, biological, environmental and psychological factors play a role in depression. Depression can occur along with other serious diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease and Parkinson’s disease.11 Depression can make these conditions worse and vice versa. Sometimes, medications taken for these diseases may cause side effects that lead to depression symptoms.12A systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study from 2007 to 2017 estimated that depressive disorders along with low back pain and headache disorders are the three leading causes of years lived with disability (YLD). Between 1990 and 2007, the number of all-age YLDs attributable to depressive disorders increased by 33.4% A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies indicates that insomnia is significantly associated with an increased risk of depression. Research has also identified other risk factors for depression like cognitions and cognitive processes; stressors; certain sociodemographic factors, such as being female; parental depression and certain traits, behaviour patterns and dispositions. Dr Samuel Hahnemann (1796–1843), founder of Homoeopathy, was a pioneer in the diagnosis and classification of mental diseases. He advocated humane treatment for mental illness. He opposed the practice of chaining mental patients and granted respect to them which was revolutionary at its time.13 Homoeopathy states that the body and mind are integrated. According to the homoeopathic concept, physical disease can make changes in the mental/emotional state and vice versa. It attempts to go to the core of the disease in each individual patient. The ‘totality of symptoms’ in an individual patient comprises all changes observable on physical as well as mental/emotional sphere. A homoeopathic ‘similimum’ is the medicine that matches the totality of the patient’s physical and mental/emotional symptoms, irrespective of which came first.14 Objectives: To find out effectiveness of homoeopathy in treatment of depression. Materials and Methods: 30 cases with features of depression were considered for the study. : A study was done to evince the scope of homoeopathic medicines in the treatment of depression. Searches were done in both general and specialised databases. The data were collected from peer-reviewed journals published between January 2001 and January 2021.. Necessary investigations were done. Prescription was done with reference to standard text books of Materia Medica. Dose, frequency and repetition was based on subjects susceptibility. Assessment and evaluation was done after 4 months with HAM-D. Result: All the cases selected for the study showed good prognosis and the cases improved within a time period of 4 months. Even though the time taken for improvement varied, all the cases selected for the study showed good prognosis and the cases improved within a time period of 4 months. Conclusion: A course of Homoeopathic treatment is associated with significant benefits in patients with features of depression, as measured by HAM-D scale.
This paper examines the emergence and operations of the Wagner Group in Ukraine between 2014 and 2018, situating the private military company (PMC) within the broader framework of Russia’s hybrid warfare strategy. The analysis demonstrates that Wagner was not an independent mercenary organisation, but rather a state-linked proxy used to advance Moscow’s geopolitical objectives while maintaining plausible deniability. Drawing on academic studies, investigative journalism, and reports by international organisations, the paper traces Wagner’s evolution from its early deployment during the annexation of Crimea to its expanded role in the Donbas conflict. Wagner’s activities included direct combat support, training and reinforcement of separatist militias, political assassinations, and the elimination of dissent within the self-proclaimed republics. These actions underscored the group’s dual function as both a combat force and an enforcer of Kremlin interests. The findings suggest that Wagner blurred the boundaries between state and private actors, providing Moscow with a flexible instrument to destabilise Ukraine while avoiding direct accountability. Furthermore, this case illustrates how PMCs can serve as key components of modern hybrid warfare, combining military, political, and informational dimensions. Wagner’s trajectory in Ukraine laid the foundation for its subsequent global expansion, highlighting its strategic utility for Russia in conflict zones beyond Eastern Europe.
Remote sensing Seasonal diseases have increased in the Woroba Autonomous District over the past three decades. As a result, they represent a major public health problem. This study aims to establish the link between climatic parameters and the emergence of seasonal diseases in Woroba. The methodology is based on a documentary analysis and a field survey. The sources consulted focus on climate change and the emergence of seasonal diseases. The field survey was carried out through direct observation, interviews and a questionnaire. Statistical processing of the data was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS - version 18.0) software, which allows for the calculation of means, standard deviations and cross-tabulation. A chi-square test was applied to assess the significance of the relationship between climatic factors and the emergence of seasonal diseases. The results reveal a gradual rise in temperatures, with an average increase of 0.8°C per year since 2000. At the same time, rainfall amounts have drastically dropped by 12 to 28% between 1980 and 2000. The incidence of seasonal diseases is higher during the rainy season than during the dry season. The most common illnesses are acute respiratory infections (ARI), malaria, and diarrhea.
Hirsutism is a condition characterized by excessive, male-pattern hair growth in women, particularly affecting areas such as the face, chest, and back. This paper discusses a case of a 35-year-old female presenting with hirsutism for the past 1.6 years. The paper highlights the complete recovery observed under homeopathic care at Dr Batra’s clinic, emphasizing the effectiveness of a holistic and non-invasive treatment modality in managing hirsutism.
Remote sensing technology is already widely used in various geological fields such as mineralogy, lithological mapping, geomorphology and so on. In our study, it is specifically used for lithological mapping. This work aims to map rock types in the Korbol region by integrating remote sensing applications of Landsat-8 image processing (OLI), field studies and petrographic investigations. The aim of the present work is to produce a geological map of the area north of Korbol, south of the Guéra massif, due to the absence of a geological map. We used the optimal indexing factor and correlation coefficient methods to identify the most effective results from false color composite (FCC), principal component analysis (PACP ) and band ratio (BR). These techniques, combined with supervised classification, enabled us to distinguish the different rock units on the basis of their spectral signatures. The results were combined with the aforementioned techniques, including principal component images (PACP1, PACP2, PACP3) and band ratio images (6/5, 4/5, 1/6 and 6/7, 6/2 and 6/5). As a result, geological mapping has been underpinned and field and laboratory petrographic studies confirmed. This approach identified six distinct lithological units, namely pyroxene amphibolite; biotite amphibolite; biotite gneiss, quartz diorite, biotite granite and biotite-amphibole granite. Landsat-8 image processing revealed that the geological basement of the northern Korbol massif is predominantly granitic. ESE-WNW to NE-SW directions and a secondary NE-SW direction are the main fracture directions in these geological formations.
Researchers and manufacturers are focusing on the development of probiotic formulations because of consumers' awareness. By considering this, regulators are framing guidelines for ensuring the safety of live probiotics. Bacillus clausii with various formulations has a major share in the current market. We are Elmed Life Sciences, a leading probiotic manufacturer, manufacturing Bacillus clausii in different formulations. To ensure the quality and safety of our products, we adopted and modified test parameters like pH, Gram staining, spore staining, motility test, total viable count, heavy metals, arsenic, specific pathogens, and total yeast and mold count, validated and verified as per ICH Q2R2 guidelines for its intended purpose of use. All the test parameters met predefined validation criteria with respect to the coefficient of variation for intra-assay, inter-assay precision, limit of detection, recovery for accuracy, limit of quantification, robustness, coefficient of determination for linearity, range of the assay, and method specwificity for the specificity test, and reported the lower and upper limits of detection and quantification. We conclude that these parameters were suitable for testing and commercial release of the Bacillus clausii spores and its formulations.
This study assesses the technical potential and environmental impacts of domestic biodigesters in the urban commune of Faranah, Republic of Guinea. The main objective is to promote the use and sustainable management of biodigesters with a view to valorizing local biomass for biogas production and environmental protection. The methodology adopted is based on socio-economic surveys, field observations and a sampling of 75 households distributed in 15 enumeration areas, supplemented by interviews with technical services and biogas project focal points. The results show the existence of 15 installed biodigesters, 12 of which are functional, and reveal that 42% of the households surveyed have at least 8 cattle and 3% at least 8 pigs, which constitutes a favorable potential for the supply of biodigesters. The study also highlights that the majority of households still rely on wood and charcoal for cooking, contributing to deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. The widespread use of biodigesters could reduce pressure on forest resources, improve people's living conditions, and promote a circular and ecological economy adapted to the local context.
The digital transformation of local governments in developing countries presents major challenges for governance efficiency and inclusiveness. This study introduces the design and implementation of an innovative Decision Support System (DSS) for assessing and monitoring the digital maturity of 77 municipalities in Benin, across 12 administrative departments. The main objective is to develop a structured and interactive dashboard that allows decision-makers to identify digital strengths and weaknesses in their territories. The DSS is built upon a six-year longitudinal dataset (2016–2021) using 45 standardized indicators distributed across six governance domains: political and administrative governance, financial governance, participatory governance and gender, territorial and land management, supervisory relations, and cross-cutting indicators. The system processed 462 municipality-year observations, enabling multi-dimensional analytics including K-Means clustering and linear regression modeling. Results show significant disparities in digital readiness: 23% of municipalities are classified as “Advanced,” 34% as “Developing,” and 43% as “Basic.” The platform achieved 95% data consistency and 99.2% uptime, with 78% of users reporting enhanced understanding of their municipality’s digital maturity. Overall, the DSS offers a synthetic and objective perspective of municipal digital performance, significantly improving diagnostic efficiency and serving as a foundation for predictive modeling and evidence-based decision-making.
This study explores the modeling of the behavior of piles used as deep foundations when subjected to axial or lateral loads and highlights the importance of taking soil-pile interaction into account. M Numerical modeling was performed using Robot Structural Analysis (& REX Piles) software, recognized for structural calculations, allowing an alternative numerical approach to analytical resolution. REX Piles is a complement to Robot Structural Analysis (RSA) that allows the elastoplastic interaction between piles and soil to be taken into account in the analysis of structures resting on piles. It allows the elastic characteristics of the pile base support to be specified and the distribution of reaction modules (horizontal and vertical) along the pile to be calculated. Subsequently, after applying the loads, the results of the internal forces and displacements along the pile were assessed using RSA. This comparative study reveals a similarity in the diagrams of the internal forces transmitted. The lateral displacements are almost identical, which can be explained by the use of the same calculation model, the Winkler model, in both methods. However, the values of the vertical displacements along the pile differ due to the distinct calculation approaches of the two methods.
According to Hopkins’s theory, the universe was created through compression, where all materials, matter, and space were folded into a very tiny state. During this extreme compression, it blows off at the critical moment and explodes. This big bang movement then creates the universe [1]. Albert Einstein considers it as space-time since he views the universe as a whole, where time and space cannot be separated. Therefore, time needs space to grow, and space needs time to expand. This time-to-space relationship is the core concept of Einstein’s field theory of the universe [2]. Although their ideas can help explain why the universe begins and how it expands, they rarely discuss the existence of multiple universes or the possibility of different universes. In this research paper, we aim to explore a new idea for the formation of universes, considering the closed-circuit and open-circuit concepts of universes. That may provide insight into how we see the universe's mechanism differently. In addition, we will utilize the topology of Hamilton’s hypothesis as a tool to develop a new assumption that explains that other universes may exist beyond our origin, so that, we may explore the origins of space and time, in a different way of perspective, which may go beyond the traditional concept of the origin.
In the realm of Field Theory, they typically apply Lorentz transformations as a processing step; with the Maxwell concept, we can simply understand that changes in electricity and magnetism may cause fields. However, in more modern approaches, scientists have developed gauge theory to explain the field. In this research paper, we aim to use a novel assumption approach that could clarify the significance of superposition extension. This suggests that in the extended field, additional dimensions may develop during superposition.
Background: Beals syndrome, or congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA), is a rare autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder caused by pathogenic variants of FBN2. The association with diffuse vascular malformations is exceptional. Airway management during anesthesia is challenging due to joint contractures and restricted cervical mobility. Case presentation: We report the case of an 11-year-old girl with genetically confirmed Beals syndrome who underwent resection of multiple angiomatous lesions of the limbs. Preoperative evaluation revealed a marfanoid habitus, arachnodactyly, joint contractures, and limited neck extension. Cardiac function was normal. A difficult airway was anticipated, and mult iple devices were prepared (videolaryngoscope, flexible bronchoscope, supraglottic airways). Management and Outcome: Induction was performed with preservation of spontaneous ventilation. Endotracheal intubation was successfully achieved using a videolaryngoscope. Surgical dissection proceeded cautiously due to tissue fragility, and no major hemorrhage occurred. The patient was extubated safely in the recovery unit, and her postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the importance of structured anesthetic planning for airway management and vigilant perioperative monitoring to prevent complications in children with Beals syndrome.
This article presents the methodological proposal for the design and implementation of a containerized microservices architecture. The proposal covers the methodologies used for the research phase of the initial stages of project development, as well as the methodology used to create a test computing system. An architecture based on domain architectures is proposed, as well as the design of the system's physical architecture, based on the requirements presented by the collaborating institution for the test case. The results describe the configuration of the microservices and containers, as well as their integration into a common network of running services.
El Chavo del 8 es una serie de televisión emblemática que, aunque centrada en la comedia, ofrece una crítica social profunda sobre las desigualdades de clase, la pobreza y las relaciones de poder. A través de sus personajes, particularmente El Chavo y Don Ramón, la serie representa la lucha de las clases bajas en una sociedad mexicana desigual. El uso del humor permite abordar de manera accesible y entretenida temas complejos como la exclusión social y la solidaridad. La vecindad se presenta como un microcosmos de las tensiones sociales, donde la cooperación y el apoyo mutuo emergen como respuestas a la adversidad. A lo largo de los años, El Chavo del 8 ha trascendido como un fenómeno cultural que sigue siendo relevante, no solo en su contexto histórico, sino en la educación y la reflexión crítica sobre la pobreza y las estructuras sociales. La serie continúa siendo una herramienta educativa y social que fomenta la empatía y la conciencia crítica en la audiencia.
Côte d'Ivoire, the world's largest producer of cocoa, is not outside the constraints linked to this crop. In addition to diseases like swollen shoot, certain bio-aggressors such as termites wreak havoc in cocoa trees. The objective of this study is to evaluate the yield loss linked to termite attacks on cocoa trees in different agroforestry systems. Yield was evaluated by selecting ten (10) infested and ten (10) non-infested cocoa trees in 30 m x 30 m quadrats installed in each plot. Agronomic parameters such as the number of pods per cocoa tree, the average mass of cocoa pod, the average mass of fresh cocoa beans in a pod and the average number of cocoa beans per pod were determined. Results show that the quantity of marketable cocoa varies between the different agroforestry systems. It is higher in full sun system (801.83 kg / ha) and lower in the shaded system (407.88 kg / ha). The estimation of the yield of healthy cocoa trees and infested cocoa trees makes it possible to clearly distinguish a difference between the yields. Termite infestations could have an effect on the yield of marketable cocoa. The search for methods to control these termites is therefore imperative.